Herts Logo
  • Study
    Back Study
    • Courses
    • Our prospectuses
      Back Our prospectuses
      • Undergraduate
      • Postgraduate
      • Changes to the prospectus
    • Fees and funding
      Back Fees and funding
      • Scholarships
        Back Scholarships
        • Undergraduate scholarships
        • Postgraduate scholarships
      • Bursaries
        Back Bursaries
        • Health grants
      • Apply for student finance
        Back Apply for student finance
        • Repaying your student loan
      • Finance tips and training
      • Financial support
        Back Financial support
        • Undergraduate support
        • Postgraduate support
      • Payments
      • When to pay
      • Refunds
      • Sponsored fees
      • Fee status
    • Open days and visits
      Back Open days and visits
      • Undergraduate open days
      • Postgraduate open events
      • Campus tours
      • Virtual tour
      • Offer Holder and interview days
      • UCAS and Higher Education Fairs
    • Application guide
      Back Application guide
      • Entry requirements
        Back Entry requirements
        • Undergraduate degrees
          Back Undergraduate degrees
          • GCSE equivalent entry requirements
        • Postgraduate degrees
        • Prior learning
      • Deferred entry
      • Grade Point Average system
      • Honours classification (Bachelor’s Degree)
      • Your offer package
      • Credit Accumulation and Transfer (CATS)
        Back Credit Accumulation and Transfer (CATS)
        • How does CATS work?
      • Parents and guardians
        Back Parents and guardians
        • Higher Education (HE)
        • Universities and courses
        • Tuition fees and funding
        • Accommodation
        • UCAS application
          Back UCAS application
          • Personal statements
          • Offers
        • Preparing for university
          Back Preparing for university
          • The first year
          • Graduation and early career
        • Glossary of university terms
        • Resources
      • Student transfer arrangements
    • New students
      Back New students
      • Before you arrive
        Back Before you arrive
        • What to pack
        • On-campus accommodation
        • On-campus accommodation process
        • Off-campus accommodation
        • Download the app
      • Your first week
        Back Your first week
        • Money advice
        • Registration and enrolment
      • Settling in
      • Arriving on campus
    • Schools of study
      Back Schools of study
      • Business School
        Back Business School
        • Welcome from the Dean
        • Business subject areas
          Back Business subject areas
          • Accounting
          • Business analysis and statistics
          • Economics
          • Finance
          • Human resources
          • Information systems and project management
          • Marketing
          • Strategic management
          • Tourism, hospitality and event management
        • Undergraduate courses
        • Postgraduate courses
        • Hertfordshire Executive MBA
          Back Hertfordshire Executive MBA
          • How to apply for the MBA
          • MBA events
          • What our MBA students say
          • MBA alumni
          • Get in touch about the MBA
          • Our students
        • Professional
          Back Professional
          • Business Academy Network
            Back Business Academy Network
            • CPD Certification
            • Get Involved
            • Business Academy Network
          • Professional qualifications
          • Executive Education
          • Short Courses & CPD
          • Work based qualifications
          • Professional Associations
        • Business
          Back Business
          • Bespoke training
            Back Bespoke training
            • Corporate training
            • Executive education
            • Corporate degrees
          • Statistical Services and Consultancy Unit
            Back Statistical Services and Consultancy Unit
            • Short Courses
            • Applied Statistics Group
          • Centre for Social Enterprise
        • Alumni network
          Back Alumni network
          • Alumni Stories
        • Our research
        • What's on
        • About the School
          Back About the School
          • The 2020 Business Advisory Group
          • Language classes
        • Contact the School
        • Staff profiles
      • Creative Arts
        Back Creative Arts
        • Welcome from the Dean
        • About the School
          Back About the School
          • Our history
          • Headlines
          • UHArts
        • Undergraduate degrees
          Back Undergraduate degrees
          • Digital animation
          • Design and crafts
          • Film and media
            Back Film and media
            • London Film Academy - Undergraduate
          • Music
          • Visual arts
        • Postgraduate degrees
          Back Postgraduate degrees
          • Art
          • Art therapy
          • Design
          • Film and media
            Back Film and media
            • London Film Academy
          • Music
        • Research degrees
          Back Research degrees
          • How to apply for a research degree
        • Foundation degrees
        • Short courses
          Back Short courses
          • Short Course Enquiry Form
        • Online study
        • Your application
          Back Your application
          • Undergraduate applicants
            Back Undergraduate applicants
            • Art and Design applicants
            • Digital Animation applicants
          • International applicants
          • Postgraduate applicants
          • Research Degrees
        • Information for schools and colleges
        • Facilities
          Back Facilities
          • Art and Design gallery
          • Computer suites
          • Digital animation suites
          • Equipment loan store
          • Fashion
          • Film and TV
          • Jewellery, glass and ceramics
          • 3D workshops
          • Music
          • Photography
          • 3D printing and rapid prototyping
          • Textiles and printmaking facilities
          • The Art Shop
        • Employability and opportunities
          Back Employability and opportunities
          • Sandwich year
          • Study abroad
          • Careers service
          • Accreditation and partners
          • Live projects and collaborations
          • Accredited work experience
        • Our research
        • For business
          Back For business
          • Hire our creative facilities
        • Open days
        • Our latest news
        • Contact us
        • Staff profiles
      • Education
        Back Education
        • Welcome from the Dean
        • About the School
          Back About the School
          • The Big Draw
        • Undergraduate courses in Education
          Back Undergraduate courses in Education
          • Early Childhood Education
            Back Early Childhood Education
            • Foundation degree in Early Years
          • Education
          • Primary Education
            Back Primary Education
            • BEd residential visit
        • Teacher Training / Initial Teacher Education
          Back Teacher Training / Initial Teacher Education
          • Primary Education
            Back Primary Education
            • BEd residential visit
          • PGCE Secondary
          • School Direct
            Back School Direct
            • School Direct information
            • Entry requirements
            • School Direct routes
            • Information for schools
            • About our partnership schools
            • School Direct Mentor Training
            • Contact School Direct
          • The Assessment Only route
        • Postgraduate courses in Education
          Back Postgraduate courses in Education
          • MA Education Framework
        • Facilities
        • Our research
          Back Our research
          • Practice-based research
          • Science in Primary School
            Back Science in Primary School
            • Developing Teachers
            • Attitudes of Teachers and Pupils
          • FLiTE
            Back FLiTE
            • FLiTE resources
            • Sign up for updates
        • Partnerships in education
          Back Partnerships in education
          • International education partners
            Back International education partners
            • Malaysia report
          • UK education partners
        • Our Centres
        • Our open days
        • Our latest news
        • Upcoming events
        • Education downloads
        • Staff profiles
        • Contact the School
      • Engineering and Computer Science
        Back Engineering and Computer Science
        • Welcome to the School
        • Undergraduate study
          Back Undergraduate study
          • Foundation degrees
          • Extended degrees
        • Postgraduate study
          Back Postgraduate study
          • General Engineering and Computer Science
        • Degree Apprenticeships
        • Online courses
        • Research
          Back Research
          • The PhD Programme in Computer Science
        • Facilities
        • Open days
        • Study abroad
        • Careers and opportunities
        • Alumni
        • Professional qualifications and accreditations
        • Business
        • Contact
        • Staff profiles
        • Equality, diversity and inclusion
      • Health and Social Work
        Back Health and Social Work
        • Welcome from the Dean
        • About the School
          Back About the School
          • Structure
          • Public Involvement
        • Subject areas in Health and Social Work
          Back Subject areas in Health and Social Work
          • Diagnostic radiography
          • Midwifery
          • Nursing
            Back Nursing
            • Adult nursing
            • Children's nursing
            • Learning disability nursing
            • Mental health nursing
          • Paramedic science
          • Physiotherapy
          • Primary Care
          • Radiotherapy
          • Social work
        • The Centre for Learning Disability Studies
          Back The Centre for Learning Disability Studies
          • Teaching
          • Research
          • Consultancy
          • INTouch e-newsletter
          • Contact us
        • Healthcare mentorship support
          Back Healthcare mentorship support
          • Healthcare mentorship courses
          • Supporting documents and links
          • FAQs for healthcare mentors
          • Contact health mentoring
        • Our facilities
        • Our open days
        • Health and Social Work CPD
          Back Health and Social Work CPD
          • How to apply
          • Fees and funding
          • Health CPD online induction
            Back Health CPD online induction
            • Registration and payment for health cpd
            • Academic Information for Health CPD
          • Contact the Health CPD team
        • Studying for a PhD
        • Our research
        • Equality, diversity and inclusion
        • Our latest news
        • Contact the School
        • Staff profiles
      • Hertfordshire Higher Education Consortium
        Back Hertfordshire Higher Education Consortium
        • Consortium colleges
          Back Consortium colleges
          • Hertford Regional College
          • North Hertfordshire College
          • Oaklands College
          • West Herts College
        • Foundation and Extended degrees
        • Open days
        • Accommodation
        • Contact us
      • Humanities
        Back Humanities
        • Welcome to the School
          Back Welcome to the School
          • News
          • Events
        • Programmes of study
          Back Programmes of study
          • English Language & Linguistics
          • English Literature
          • History
          • Politics
          • Philosophy
          • Study our subjects with...
            Back Study our subjects with...
            • American Studies
            • Creative Writing
            • Journalism
            • English Language Teaching
            • Film
            • Languages
            • Media
            • Religious Studies
          • Mass Communications
          • Creative Writing
        • Careers and opportunities
        • Study Abroad
        • Open days
        • Alumni
        • Research
        • Contact
        • Staff profiles
      • Hertfordshire Law School
        Back Hertfordshire Law School
        • Welcome from the Dean
        • About the School
          Back About the School
          • Facilities
          • School and College Engagement
        • Undergraduate law courses
        • Criminal Justice and Criminology course
        • Postgraduate law courses
        • Our research
          Back Our research
          • International, EU and Human Rights
        • Hertfordshire Law Clinic
          Back Hertfordshire Law Clinic
          • Looking for legal advice?
          • Opportunities for students
          • Book a Streetlaw presentation
        • Pro bono activities
          Back Pro bono activities
          • Hertfordshire Law Clinic
          • Future Living Hertford Family Law Clinic
          • Streetlaw
          • Streetlaw Magistrates Mock Trials Competition
          • Miscarriages of justice
          • Citizens Advice Bureau training
          • What will I gain from volunteering?
        • Co-curricular courses
          Back Co-curricular courses
          • Trial Advocacy
            Back Trial Advocacy
            • Mock trials
            • UH/Blackstone's National Criminal Advocacy Competition
          • Mooting
          • Mediation
          • Client interviewing
          • Debating
          • Adjudication
        • Our latest news
        • Upcoming events
        • Law public lectures
        • Our videos
        • Staff profiles
        • Contact the School
      • Life and Medical Sciences
        Back Life and Medical Sciences
        • Welcome from the Dean
        • About the School
          Back About the School
          • Graduate stories
          • Mental Health and Organisational Development
          • Public heath
        • Subject areas in Life and Medical Sciences
        • Departments
          Back Departments
          • Biological and Environmental sciences
            Back Biological and Environmental sciences
            • About the department
            • Biosciences
            • Geography, Environment and Agriculture
            • Nutrition and Dietetics
            • Pharmacology
          • Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
            Back Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
            • About the department
            • Pharmacy
            • Pharmaceutical and Regulatory Science
            • Optometry
            • Postgraduate Medicine
            • Regulatory Science (Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices)
          • Psychology and Sport Sciences
            Back Psychology and Sport Sciences
            • About the department
            • Psychology
            • Sport, Health and Exercise
            • Doctorate in Clinical Psychology
            • What our psychology students say
            • Research seminars
        • Virtual tours
        • Clinical Simulation Centre
        • Health CPD
        • Life and Medical Sciences Facilities
        • Academic Support Unit
          Back Academic Support Unit
          • ASU Workshops
        • Business support and consultancy
          Back Business support and consultancy
          • Biological and Environmental Sciences consultancy
          • Science Training Centre
          • Collaborative projects
          • Extracellular Vesicle Unit
          • University of Hertfordshire Urbanism Unit
            Back University of Hertfordshire Urbanism Unit
            • Urbanism and planning
            • UH-Tarmac sustainable living
            • Letchworth Town Debate
            • Făgăraş 'Atelier de urbanism
            • Associates
            • UHUU Seminars
            • RTPI
          • Smart Mobility Unit
            Back Smart Mobility Unit
            • SMRU research staff
            • SMRU Themes
        • Our research
        • Equality, diversity and inclusion
        • Our latest news
        • Upcoming events
        • Contact the School
        • Staff profiles
      • Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics
        Back Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics
        • Welcome from the Dean
        • About the School
          Back About the School
          • Staff expertise
          • Teaching staff by course
          • Facilities
          • Maths support service
          • South East Physics Network
        • Research
        • Physics courses
        • Astrophysics courses
        • Mathematics courses
        • Extended Degree in Science
        • Open days
        • Student successes
        • Outreach and public engagement
        • Equality, diversity and inclusion
        • Our latest news
        • Contact the School
        • Staff profiles
      • UH Online
        Back UH Online
        • Online courses
          Back Online courses
          • Undergraduate
          • Postgraduate
          • CPD stand alone courses
        • Apply
        • Why study with UH Online
        • How does online study work
          Back How does online study work
          • Time and timescales
          • Support
          • System requirements
        • Interested in finding out more?
        • Sample learning materials
        • Fees and funding
        • What our students say
        • Contact UH Online
    • Term and semester dates
    • Postgraduate study
    • Learning facilities
      Back Learning facilities
      • StudyNet
      • Learning Resources Centres
        Back Learning Resources Centres
        • Visit the LRCs
          Back Visit the LRCs
          • Fransella PCP Collection
          • SCONUL
        • Opening hours, contact and help
      • Computing and software
        Back Computing and software
        • eduroam Service
      • Online library
    • Gold-rated teaching
    • Chat with our students
  • Life
    Back Life
    • Accommodation
      Back Accommodation
      • Apply for accommodation
      • On-campus information
      • Off-campus information
      • Parking
      • Important information
      • Accommodation support
      • Contact accommodation
      • Returning students
    • On-campus facilities
    • Commuting
    • Support and wellbeing
      Back Support and wellbeing
      • Emergency and security
      • Report and support
      • The Student Centre
      • Student wellbeing
        Back Student wellbeing
        • Counselling
        • Mental health
        • Disability support
          Back Disability support
          • Statement on disability disclosure by students
      • Accommodation support
      • Student finance
      • Medical Centre
      • Campus Pharmacy
      • Student parents
      • Childcare
        Back Childcare
        • Nursery fees
        • What we do
      • Academic support
      • Careers and employability
      • Student's Union
      • Chaplaincy
      • Local support and resources
      • Staff resources
    • Chat with our students
    • Culture and entertainment
    • Careers and employability
      Back Careers and employability
      • How we can help
      • Work placements
      • Assessment Centre Experience
      • Alumni
        Back Alumni
        • LinkedIn Learning
    • Part-time work
      Back Part-time work
      • Student ambassadors
    • Study Abroad
    • Herts and beyond
      Back Herts and beyond
      • Hatfield
      • St Albans
      • Stevenage
      • Watford
      • London
      • Cambridge
      • Brighton
    • Societies and volunteering
    • Meet our current students
    • Go Herts
      Back Go Herts
      • Go Herts Award
  • Sport
    Back Sport
    • HertSquad
    • Courses in sport, health and exercise
    • Research in sport, health and exercise
    • Sport services and consultancy
      Back Sport services and consultancy
      • Performance Testing Centre
      • Sports Injury Clinic
      • Sports development
      • Sports management
  • Research
    Back Research
    • Themes
      Back Themes
      • Food
      • Global Economy
      • Health and Wellbeing
      • Heritage, Cultures and Communities
      • Information and Security
      • Space
    • Research Centres
      Back Research Centres
      • Astrophysics
        Back Astrophysics
        • News and press releases
        • People
        • Research degrees and studentships
          Back Research degrees and studentships
          • PhD projects
            Back PhD projects
            • Galaxies, Active Galactic Nuclei and Cosmology
            • Star formation and Stellar Evolution
            • Extrasolar Planets and Brown Dwarfs
          • MSc projects
        • CAR-CACP projects
        • CAR Astronomy seminars
        • Fellowships
        • Extragalactic astronomy
          Back Extragalactic astronomy
          • Physics and environments of AGN
          • The structure, formation and evolution of galaxies
        • Galactic astronomy
          Back Galactic astronomy
          • Star formation in the Milky Way
          • Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Planets
          • Planetary nebulae and white dwarfs
          • The disc and bulge of the Milky Way
        • Surveys
        • CAR Facilities
          Back CAR Facilities
          • Polarimeters
        • Computing
        • Theory and modelling
          Back Theory and modelling
          • Simulating the Milky Way
          • Cosmological simulations
          • Horizon-AGN
          • AGN jet simulations
          • Active nuclei in star-forming systems
          • Star clusters
        • Undergraduate Research Programme
      • Atmospheric and Climate Physics
        Back Atmospheric and Climate Physics
        • Atmospheric Composition Laboratory (ACL)
          Back Atmospheric Composition Laboratory (ACL)
          • Air quality monitoring
          • Elemental analysis
          • Ion chromatography
          • Gas chromatography
        • Atmospheric Processes, Air Quality and Climate (APAC)
          Back Atmospheric Processes, Air Quality and Climate (APAC)
          • Climate interactions and Future changes
        • Atmospheric remote sensing laboratory
          Back Atmospheric remote sensing laboratory
          • Instruments
            Back Instruments
            • LiSsI
            • Raman Lidar: Theoretical Background
          • Data analysis methods
            Back Data analysis methods
            • Artificial Neural Networks
            • Data Inversion: Theory
          • Projects
            Back Projects
            • Software development
            • MRS.LEA
          • Training and teaching courses
          • Remote Sensing at Bayfordbury
          • Contact and feedback
        • Light scattering and radiative processes (LSRP)
          Back Light scattering and radiative processes (LSRP)
          • Ice scattering
            Back Ice scattering
            • Ice-Analogue image gallery
            • Ice-Analogue Halos
            • Cloud polarimetry
          • Electrodynamic levitation
          • Optical trapping
            Back Optical trapping
            • Strongly-focussed Gaussian beams
          • Quantum phase space
          • Observatory
          • Atmospheric dust
          • Analysis of light scattering
            Back Analysis of light scattering
            • Experiment
            • Discrete Gegenbauer Analysis
            • Computation
            • Inversion
        • Particle instruments and diagnostics
          Back Particle instruments and diagnostics
          • AIITS
          • SID probes
          • WIBS sensors
          • PPD instruments
          • Low cost particle detectors
          • Other instruments
          • Spatial light scattering
          • Completed projects
          • ALERT project
        • CACP facilities
        • Air quality conferences
        • Contact CACP
      • Centre for Research in Biodetection Technologies
      • Centre of Data Innovation Research
      • Computer Science and Informatics
        Back Computer Science and Informatics
        • Adaptive systems
        • Algorithms
          Back Algorithms
          • Networks and security
          • Optical Networks
            Back Optical Networks
            • Our research areas
            • Our publications
            • Our projects
            • Our people
            • Software and Hardware
            • PhD opportunities in optical networks
            • Contact Optical Networks
          • Semigroups and automata
          • Automatic differentiation
          • Software defect prediction
          • CTCA
        • Biocomputation
        • ICT for Healthcare
      • Drug Delivery and Toxicology
        Back Drug Delivery and Toxicology
        • Drug delivery to the skin and nail
        • Drug delivery to the airways
        • Mucosal drug delivery
        • Age-appropriate drug delivery
        • Cell models and biotechnology
        • Computational modelling
        • Toxicology
          Back Toxicology
          • Toxicology: Take part in our work
        • Collaborations in TDDT
      • Engineering
        Back Engineering
        • BioEngineering
          Back BioEngineering
          • Research labs
          • Publications
          • Research areas
        • Communications and Intelligent Systems Group (CIS)
          Back Communications and Intelligent Systems Group (CIS)
          • Research labs (CIS)
          • Publications
          • Research areas
        • Energy and Sustainable Design (ENESD)
          Back Energy and Sustainable Design (ENESD)
          • Research labs (ENESD)
          • Publications
          • Research areas
        • Materials and Structures (MAST)
          Back Materials and Structures (MAST)
          • Research labs (MAST)
          • Publications
          • Research areas
        • Microfluidics and microengineering
          Back Microfluidics and microengineering
          • Current Research
            Back Current Research
            • Magnetic separation
            • Hydrodynamic flow separation
            • Particle flow behaviour modelling
            • Microfluidic microwave heating
            • EWOD droplet manipulation
            • Microreactors for synthetic biology
            • Soft lithographic materials analysis
            • Biodetection
          • Past projects
            Back Past projects
            • Micropumps
            • Micromixing
            • Microfluidic blood cell analysis
            • Coded microparticles
            • Turn-key microfluidic systems
            • PIBBDT
          • Microfluidics and Microengineering facilities
          • Capabilities
          • Studentships
          • Research-informed teaching
          • Sponsors and collaborators
          • Contact the Microfluidics and Microengineering Group
        • Impact and our work with industry
      • Health Services and Clinical
        Back Health Services and Clinical
        • Basic and Clinical Science
        • Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances
        • Public Health and Patient Safety
        • Health Research Methods
      • Professional and Work Related Learning
      • Psychology and Sport Sciences
        Back Psychology and Sport Sciences
        • Health and clinical psychology
          Back Health and clinical psychology
          • Health psychology research
          • Neurodevelopmental disorders
          • Personal construct theory
          • Psychosocial factors in health
          • Research related to the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology
        • Psychology of movement
          Back Psychology of movement
          • Parkinson's and older people
          • Dance psychology
          • Gestures and communication research
            Back Gestures and communication research
            • Cross-cultural studies of gesture development
            • Misleading gestures in forensic interviews
            • The role of gestures in cognitive and linguistic processes
            • Baby sign research
        • Cognitive Neuropsychology
          Back Cognitive Neuropsychology
          • Dementia and cognitive decline
          • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
          • Cognition in Schizophrenia and schizotypal personality
          • Statistical modelling of longitudinal psychological problems