BSc (Hons) Astrophysics

Key information

Typical offer:
Entry requirements
Fees: See below
Full details
UCAS code: F501
Institute code: H36
Study abroad option
Work placement option
Find out more

This course is up for periodic review
To ensure this course continues to be cutting-edge and enables you to be ready for the modern workplace, it is due to be reviewed by December 2024.

Our website will typically be updated within a month of the review confirming any enhancements, including:
- module titles (and whether they are core or optional)
- expected contact hours
- assessment methods
- staff teaching on the course

The University of Hertfordshire is committed to welcoming students with a wide range of qualifications and levels of experience. The entry requirements listed on the course pages provide a guide to the minimum level of qualifications needed to study each course. However, we have a flexible approach to admissions and each application will be considered on an individual basis.

UCAS points	A Level	BTEC	Access Course Tariff	IB requirement
120-128	BBB-ABB - B in Maths, B in Physics	DDM - Applied Science AND A level Maths grade B	Diploma with 45 Level 3 credits of which 15 must be in maths at a minimum of Merit	120-128 points must include maths and physics at HL grade 4 or above

Additional requirements

GCSE: Grade 4/C in English Language and Mathematics

All students from non-majority English speaking countries require proof of English language proficiency, equivalent to an overall IELTS score of 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each band.

If you do not have the required IELTS or equivalent for direct entry on to your degree programme, our Pre-sessional English and International Foundation courses can help you to achieve this level.

For more details on the University of Hertfordshire's entry requirements, please visit our Undergraduate Entry Requirements page.

Find out more about International Entry Requirements.

UCAS points	A Level	BTEC	Access Course Tariff	IB requirement
120-128	BBB-ABB - B in Maths, B in Physics	DDM - Applied Science AND A level Maths grade B	Diploma with 45 Level 3 credits of which 15 must be in maths at a minimum of Merit	120-128 points must include maths and physics at HL grade 4 or above

Additional requirements

GCSE: Grade 4/C in English Language and Mathematics

All students from non-majority English speaking countries require proof of English language proficiency, equivalent to an overall IELTS score of 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each band.

If you do not have the required IELTS or equivalent for direct entry on to your degree programme, our Pre-sessional English and International Foundation courses can help you to achieve this level.

For more details on the University of Hertfordshire's entry requirements, please visit our Undergraduate Entry Requirements page.

Find out more about International Entry Requirements.

Professional accreditations

The BSc degree has had accreditation from the Institute of Physics (IoP) for a number of years. The BSc is currently being considered for re-accreditation and we are seeking provisional accreditation for the MPhys degree from the Institute of Physics (IoP).

Why choose this course?

2nd in the East of England (after Cambridge) for Physics & Astronomy(Complete University Guide 2024)
Use one of the best equipped teaching observatories in the UK
New modules include Particle Physics and Plasma Physics options

On our Astrophysics BSc (Hons) degree you will study the cosmos in all its wonder, gaining a detailed physical understanding of how the Universe works. We put a lot of emphasis on understanding the physical and mathematical principles behind astrophysical phenomena.
You will also gain considerable hand-on experience of astronomical observations at our dedicated teaching observatory, beginning your studies there only a few weeks after commencing your degree with us.
During your second and third years you will specialise in more advanced Astrophysical topics, including the physics of the solar system and extrasolar planets, cosmology, and star formation and stellar evolution. We also offer a range of options in your final year, including learning how to plan space missions in Space Dynamics and the flight dynamics of rockets in Rocket Performance and Propulsion.
You will also carry out a final year investigative project in a cutting-edge area of Astrophysics research. You will be closely supervised and guided by one of our experienced researchers in the Centre for Astrophysics Research. Previous projects have included mapping the Orion Nebula with our telescopes at Bayfordbury, studying planetary systems with the Herschel Space Observatory, and modeling high energy jets from galactic nuclei.
If you’re continuing on our MPhys programme it’s possible to extend your project into your MPhys year. We also have an innovative strand of industrial projects supported by the Institute of Physics, that give you direct experience of working in industrial research.

What's the course about?

Astrophysics is the study of the physical processes that shape the structure and evolution of the universe. This course seeks to provide answers to fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of stars, planets and galaxies, as well as the universe itself.

You’ll have the chance to study the cosmos in all its wonder, and gain a detailed physical understanding of how the universe works. The School’s vibrant research programme feeds into the course content and you’ll make extensive use of our superbly equipped observatory. You’ll also have the exciting opportunity to spend a year at a major astronomical research centre or an international observatory.

Your main campus is College Lane

This is where the creative arts, science and health-related subjects are based. This means you’ll share the campus with future nurses, scientists, artists and more. You can use the common rooms to relax with friends, work out in the 24-hour gym or have a drink in our on-campus pub or cafes. We also have restaurants for you to eat in or grab something on the go. Our Learning Resources Centres are open 24/7, which means you can study whenever suits you best. Want to pop over to the other campus? You can take the free shuttle bus or walk there in just 15 minutes. 

New School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science building opening in 2024

Learn in our brand-new building, where you’ll experience a range of experiential learning zones. You will benefit from two new dedicated physics teaching labs.

The new building will also be home to the Centre for Climate Change Research and the Wolfson Centre for Biodetection and Instrumentation Research, which have both been created in response to the most pressing global challenges. You will also benefit from a Success and Skills Support Unit, which is aimed at helping you build your employability and academic skills. Plus, have access to industry mentors who will provide you with pastoral support, vocational guidance, and career progression opportunities.

The new building will also provide space to collaborate, with plenty of workshops, social and meeting spaces available. Even better, the building has been designed with the University’s net zero carbon target in mind, and forms part of our plan to replace or upgrade older sites that are energy inefficient.

What will I study?

We take pride in our student-focused approach to teaching Astrophysics. With one of the best student-staff ratios in the country we are able to put our focus on you as an individual and give you the support that you need to reach your full potential as an Astrophysics graduate. Our graduates are in a wide range of careers, from scientific research to teaching and industry.

We use a variety of teaching methods during our Astrophysics degrees, ranging from small-group tutorials, to lectures and practical classes. A key feature is our observatory at Bayfordbury, where we teach you how to carry out astronomical observations in as close to a professional setting as we can make it. Our typical intake of students is around 50-60 in each year, which means that our class sizes are small enough so that your lecturers will know you by name. We place particular emphasis on transferable skills, employability and project work throughout the degree.

You will meet your personal tutor on a regular basis in small-group tutorials, which are a great way of reinforcing the material that you learn in lectures. We also offer a wide variety of support throughout your degree, from you lecturers, the School’s Maths Centre and peer support from our student proctor scheme.

Level 4

Module	Credits	Compulsory/optional
The Physical Universe	30 Credits	Compulsory
The Physical Universe ensures that students establish or refine their knowledge and skills in core areas of classical physics, while receiving an introduction to a range of topics in astrophysics. It will provide a broad survey of the universe and the structure of matter, and will show how physics and mathematics are used as theoretical tools to interpret data collected at telescopes. In this module you will develop your skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, scientific writing and information searching.
Special Relativity and Quantum Physics	30 Credits	Compulsory
The module provides an introduction to some of the most important and exciting concepts in 20th Century physics: it introduces the theories of special relativity and quantum mechanics, energy and radiation, wave particle duality, and applies these ideas to atomic, nuclear and molecular physics. It will provide a foundation for more advanced treatments of these subjects. The course content is delivered in the form of lectures, tutorial/problem sessions and laboratory classes. Students are expected to develop strong study skills such as note-taking and study planning, and work independently as well as in groups. In this module you will develop your skills in problem solving and research enquiry, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, and interpersonal skills.
Experimental Physics	15 Credits	Compulsory
The module consists of experimental investigations into various physical phenomena such as classical mechanics, thermodynamics, waves and optics, fluids, electromagnetism and atomic spectra. It also introduces the basic techniques of laboratory practice, including data recording, uncertainty estimation, data and uncertainty analysis, maintaining a log book and writing reports. The module develops skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, scientific writing and information searching.
Small Group Tutorial (Level 4)	0 Credits	Compulsory
This module is designed to give you academic support in small groups studying taught material from across your Level 4 modules. Your tutor group meets every two weeks during teaching periods. In meetings your tutor will lead/guide discussions relating to tutorial assignments set by other modules, as well as in additional areas of study that you may suggest. Some assignments will be assessed (contributing coursework credit back to the modules that set them), and some will be formative/instructive. Your tutor will mark the assessed assignments, with problem areas becoming a natural focus for tutorial discussion. Through guidance and advice your Small Group Tutorials will help you identify your academic strengths and weaknesses, and show you how to start to think like a professional physicist or mathematician. You can also seek pastoral support from your tutor on any matters affecting your studies. The module develops skills in problem solving, interpersonal and communication skills, adaptation to context, and personal evaluation and development.
Mathematical Methods	15 Credits	Compulsory
On entry to the degree students have a range of mathematical backgrounds and knowledge, and this module has been designed to standardise mathematical knowledge through the first semester of study. You will review core areas of A-level mathematics, which will be extended to enhance your knowledge. You will learn important and widely applicable mathematical techniques relating to hyperbolic functions, matrices, vectors, differential and integral calculus, and complex numbers. In this module you will develop your skills in mathematical problem solving, analysis and evaluation.
Applications of Calculus	15 Credits	Compulsory
This module will extend the mathematical knowledge gained in the module 'Mathematical Methods'. It will explore a variety of mathematical methods that use calculus. You will learn important and widely applicable mathematical techniques relating to improper integrals, differential equations, partial differentiation, power series, and Fourier series. In this module you will develop your skills in mathematical problem solving, analysis and evaluation.
Computational Modelling	15 Credits	Compulsory
In this module you will learn how to use a programming language. You will solve exercises during practical classes and independent study time. You will see how to develop scientific and mathematical models and how they can be implemented in a computational environment. Towards the end of the module, you will carry out a mini-project on mathematical computing, and present the results. The module develops skills in problem solving, computer programming, analysis and evaluation, and interpersonal and communication skills.

Level 5

Module	Credits	Compulsory/optional
Mathematical Techniques 2	15 Credits	Compulsory
You will learn how to integrate functions of two and three variables along plane and space curves and how to evaluate multiple integrals of such functions. You will learn about gradient, divergence and curl. You will be able to obtain the Fourier transform of a function and perform calculations involving analytic functions of a complex variable. In this module you will develop your skills in mathematical problem solving, and analysis and evaluation.
Electromagnetism	15 Credits	Compulsory
The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and manifests around charged particles and electric currents. In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell published his now famous unifying equations, revealing for the first time that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon (and that the EM force is carried by photons). Learn about electrostatics and magneto-statics, and the encompassing nature of Maxwell's equations. Appreciate the implications of self-sustaining EM waves in a vacuum, and connect the speed-of-light directly to electromagnetic constants. Study electromagnetic effects in the laboratory, demonstrating various behaviours of fields, forces, and electric circuits. In this module you will develop your skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, conceptualisation, and data synthesis.
Optics and Lasers	15 Credits	Compulsory
The study of light has a storied history in physics, leading to the discovery that it is an electromagnetic wave and then the development of special relativity and quantum electrodynamics. Students will learn the classical topics of light wave propagation, interference and diffraction, geometric optics, polarisation and Fourier optics. These are illustrated with applications such as the detection of gravitational waves and discovery of new extra-solar planets. Modern topics such as lasers and their applications, which have led to 5 Nobel prizes since 1955, will also be included. Furthermore, the student will be able to choose a topic in modern optics for a more detailed investigation. In this module you will develop your skills in autonomy and responsibility for actions, problem solving, information searching, analysis and evaluation and scientific writing.
Thermodynamics	15 Credits	Compulsory
Thermodynamics is one of the most fascinating areas of physics, bridging the divide between quantum and classical mechanics. In addition, because it deals with large numbers of particles, it reveals new collective types of behaviour such as changes of phase. Thermodynamics applies to large and small systems, from a bacteria and the household refrigerator to black holes and the universe in the large. As such it is an incredibly powerful tool and puts limits on the behaviour of systems, most famously in the law of entropy increase. These limitations have led to much philosophical debate and fascinating unanswered questions e.g. why does consciousness only seem to flow in one direction and how is this linked to other asymmetries in the universe such as the net increase in universal entropy. This module will allow you to confront these issues and solve foundational problems that help understand their complexity and subtlety. The module develops skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, interpersonal and communication skills, scientific writing and information searching, and conceptualisation and critical thinking.
Quantum Mechanics	15 Credits	Compulsory
Quantum mechanics is the most fundamental and most successful theory of the physical world. It has been essential to the development of many modern technologies (lasers, solid state and tunnelling devices, entanglement and encryption). This module develops the basic formalism of quantum mechanics. The formalism is used to understand the properties of bound states, spin states, identical particles and multi-particle structures. Recent developments and conceptual problems are also discussed. The module develops skills in research enquiry and problem solving, communication skills, conceptualisation and critical thinking.
Small Group Tutorial (Level 5)	0 Credits	Compulsory
This module is designed to give you academic support in small groups studying taught material from across your Level 5 modules. It also provides support and training for the Career Planning and Development module in the form of assistance with your personal skills audit, and help/guidance with putting together your CV. In addition it will develop your skills in interpreting/understanding scientific journal papers (through some "journal club" sessions), and your appreciation of good practice in scientific writing. Your tutor group meets every two weeks during teaching periods. In meetings your tutor will lead/guide discussions relating to tutorial assignments/activities, as well as in additional areas of study that you may suggest. Some assignments will be assessed (contributing coursework credit back to the modules that set them), and some will be formative/instructive. Your tutor will mark the assessed assignments, with problem areas becoming a natural focus for tutorial discussion. You can also seek pastoral support from your tutor on any matters affecting your studies. The module develops skills in problem solving, interpersonal and communication skills, scientific writing and information searching, adaptation to context, and personal evaluation and development.
Career Planning and Development	0 Credits	Compulsory
The module aims to develop the practical skills and understand the role of a graduate in the sphere of work. By the end of the module students should appreciate the challenges, rewards and diversity of career planning and development. In this module you will develop your skills in team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, information searching, adaptation to context, personal evaluation and development.
Physics of the Solar System	15 Credits	Optional
With the advent of the space age "Planetary Science" (the physics of the solar system) is the only branch of astronomy in which up-close studies are possible, with lunar missions and interplanetary probes revolutionizing our understanding over the past 50 years. Learn about the diverse range of solar system bodies and their dynamics, how planets form, their interiors/surfaces and ring systems, planetary and inter-planetary magnetic effects, and the possibilities for life elsewhere in the solar system. With the advent of the space age "Planetary Science" (the physics of the solar system) is the only branch of astronomy in which up-close studies are possible, with lunar missions and interplanetary probes revolutionising our understanding over the past 50 years. Learn about the diverse range of solar system bodies and their dynamics, how planets form, their interiors/surfaces and ring systems, planetary and inter-planetary magnetic effects, and the possibilities for life elsewhere in the solar system. In this module you will develop your skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, scientific writing and information searching, critical thinking, and data synthesis.
Extra-Solar Planets	15 Credits	Optional
In the past three decades extra-solar planets have moved from science fiction to science-fact, with ground- and space-based surveys revealing several thousand extra-solar worlds. Learn about the methods for extra-solar planet discovery, their interiors and atmospheres, the diversity of known systems and their formation. Study the physics of this hugely diverse population, and understand how astronomers assess extra-solar habitability. Learn about future missions aiming to reveal the conditions in extra-solar planet atmospheres, and study the criteria for extra-solar life and SETI initiatives. In this module you will develop your skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, scientific writing and information searching, and data synthesis.
Plasma Physics and Fusion Reactors	15 Credits	Optional
Plasma is a gas in which most atoms are ionised. This gives it properties which are quite different from gases as we know them. Plasmas are very good conductors of electricity. Their behaviour is dominated by long range electric and magnetic fields, not by short distance particle-particle interactions. Plasmas appear in nature in the solar corona, lightning strikes and polar aurorae. Plasmas have also many technical applications: fluorescent lamps, plasma etching of computer chips, TV screens and fusion research. This module will study the behaviour of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. A fluid model will be developed to describe the collective behaviour (magneto hydrodynamics). The nuclear physics of fusion reactions will be introduced and requirements for a fusion plasma derived. Students will research physical, technical and practical aspects of designing and running a fusion reactor. The module develops skills in research enquiry and problem solving, interpersonal and communication skills, information searching, and conceptualisation and critical thinking.
Differential Equations	15 Credits	Optional
This module employs a variety of mathematical methods and techniques to explore, describe and predict the behaviour of scientific, industrial and engineering phenomena. The subject appeals to individuals interested in applying mathematics to real-word problems. In this module, we focus on ordinary differential equations. The emphasis is on the development of methods important in applications.¬ In this module you will develop your skills in problem solving, analysis and evaluation.
Programming	15 Credits	Optional
Programming is an important skill in the modern working world. This module will introduce you to programming in a modern high-level language. The module will cover control structures such as loops and logical statements. You will be shown how to build more complex programs by writing and linking separate functions and procedures. You will learn how to debug programs and produce program documentation. And you will apply your skills to a mathematical or physical problem and computationally analyse the results. The module develops skills in computer programming, interpersonal and communication skills, and conceptualisation and critical thinking.
Professional Teaching Skills	15 Credits	Optional
The module aims to develop the practical skills and understand the role of a graduate in the sphere of education. By the end of the module students should appreciate the challenges, rewards and diversity of the educational sector. In this module you will develop your skills in team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, information searching, adaptation to context, personal evaluation and development.
Motion and Tensors	15 Credits	Optional
Dynamics in mathematics has a broad meaning and describes states and state ¬spaces, and the transformation or evolution of these states. This module highlights these ideas while focusing on problems of classical mechanics. The approach will emphasize the (historically accurate) way in which mathematical structures have often been devised to solve particular mechanical problems. You will learn how to work in different frames, both inertial and non-inertial. You will use tensors to simplify and solve complex problems, and to reveal their intrinsic symmetries.
Numerical Methods	15 Credits	Optional
Numerical techniques are important across many areas of mathematical modelling, since it is rare that real-world problems admit solutions in closed form. In this module you will discover how to use numerical methods to solve mathematical problems. We will discuss the relative performance of different methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency, and investigate the theoretical background to the methods. We will typically cover methods for numerical integration, numerical solution of systems of linear equations, computation of eigenvectors and eigenvalues, and the numerical solution of systems of ODEs.

Level 6

Module	Credits	Compulsory/optional
Condensed States of Matter	15 Credits	Compulsory
This module covers the basic properties of condensed matter states. It demonstrates the application of quantum physics to many particle systems and discusses modern applications including, semi-conductors, degeneracy, and Bose-Einstein condensation. You will develop your skills of modelling, problem solving and research enquiry. In this module you will develop your skills in problem solving and research enquiry, scientific writing and information searching.
The Physics of Elementary Particles	15 Credits	Compulsory
The module will provide an account of the particle physics of the standard model, our most complete theory of the fundamental rules governing the microscopic nature of matter and forces. The material will cover everything from the early ideas of the start of the twentieth century through to the modern picture, which represents our current understanding and has only been confirmed much more recently by large international experiments, such as those based at CERN. In this module you will develop your skills in problem solving and research enquiry, scientific writing and information searching, and conceptualisation.
Astrophysics Project and Investigative Skills	30 Credits	Compulsory
Students will carry out a piece of research and/or a literature review in a research topic. Astrophysics research areas in the School include; star formation in the Milky Way, the disc and bulge of the Milky Way, extra-solar planets and brown dwarfs, planetary nebulae and white dwarfs, Active Galactic Nuclei physics and environment, the formation and evolution of galaxies, and the structure of galaxies. A successful project will become a feature of a student's professional profile and CV, and is often a talking point in graduate job interviews and/or postgraduate applications. The module develops skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, scientific writing and information searching, conceptualisation and critical thinking, adaptation to context, synthesis and creativity, personal evaluation and development, and ethical awareness and application.
Star Formation and Evolution	15 Credits	Compulsory
The module will cover the fundamentals of stars and their structure, including their formation and evolution from the main sequence to final stellar remnants. It will develop an understanding of the principles and details driving the evolution of stars and the conditions in their deep interiors. Emphasis will be placed on the physics involved. An appreciation will be gained of the history of this field as well as the current open questions at the forefront of research. Lectures and discussions will present and develop the basic course material and concepts. Numerical assignments, practical reports, class tests and a final examination will allow and test consolidation of the learning outcomes. Observatory work will provide training in experimental and observational skills. In this module you will develop your skills in problem solving and research inquiry, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, and scientific writing and information searching.
Foundations of Cosmology	15 Credits	Compulsory
The study of the structure and evolution of the Universe has in the last few decades undergone a true transformation. Rather than theorists pursuing their models unencumbered by meaningful observational constraints, we now have entered the era of precision cosmology. This in no small part has been due to the tremendous technological advances that have allowed observational cosmologists to chart the structure of the Universe, all the way out to its observable edge. The module will cover the mathematical framework needed to describe expanding, curved space-time, i.e., the Robertson-Walker metric, and the concepts of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity as it applies to cosmology, in particular the Friedmann models. This is followed by an inventory of the constituents of the Universe, including Dark Matter and Dark Energy, and how theory and observations have led to the current consensus or Concordance model of the Universe. In this module you will develop your skills in problem solving and research enquiry, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, scientific writing and information searching, and conceptualisation.
Rocket Performance and Propulsion	15 Credits	Optional
This module will introduce students to flight dynamics of rockets and their propulsion systems. Typical applications under consideration will include satellite launch and insertion into orbit, sounding rockets and potential future applications such as space tourism.
Professional Placement	0 Credits	Optional
Supervised work experience provides students with the opportunity to set their academic studies in a broader context, to gain practical experience in specific technical areas and to strengthen their communication and time-management skills. It greatly assists them in developing as independent learners, so that they are able to gain the maximum benefit from the learning opportunities provided at level 6 of the programme.
Space Dynamics	15 Credits	Optional
Space dynamics is a coursework-only module. Students work in a computer lab supervised by the module facilitator. There are no formal lectures. Instead, students work their way through a set of computer exercises using Matlab. The exercises allow the student to tackle problems in different ways and develop their own style of problem-solving. The module covers various aspects in spacecraft dynamics including: atmospheric drag, aerobraking, transfer orbits, injection orbits, spacecraft spin, the stability of spinning motion – Euler's equations, three-dimensional spin motion, and mass models of irregular objects. The module develops skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, interpersonal and communication skills, autonomy and responsibility for actions.
Year Abroad	0 Credits	Optional
The Year Abroad will provide students with the opportunity to expand, develop and apply the knowledge and skills gained in the first two taught years of the degree within a different organisational and cultural environment in a partner academic institution. The host institution will appoint a Programme Co-ordinator who will oversee the student's programme during the Year Abroad and will liaise with the appointed UH Supervisor.
Computational Physics	15 Credits	Optional
In this module you will develop your computational skills by investigating problems in physics and astrophysics. You will have the opportunity to use and modify numerical programmes written in languages such as Python and Matlab. The module is delivered in a hands-on workshop environment in a computer laboratory. You will typically study two or three problems and assessment is based on a report you write on each of your investigations. In this module you will develop your skills in research enquiry, computer programming/modelling, scientific writing, and critical thinking.
Partial Differential Equations	15 Credits	Optional
Partial differential equations arise as part of the mathematical modelling of real life problems connected to many areas of science. These connections must be exploited to find a solution to these problems. PDEs provide the foundation for a robust and important area of applied mathematics. In this module we will look at the derivation of some important PDEs and their classification schemes. In this module you will develop your skills in problem solving, and analysis and evaluation.
Nonlinear Systems	15 Credits	Optional
You will learn how to investigate and evaluate the qualitative behaviour of the solutions of differential equations which relate to problems in a wide variety of application areas. You will recognise that the behaviour of the solution of a differential equation can be drastically altered by a small change in a parameter. These observations have important contributions in improving the applications of mathematics in industry, business and the physical sciences. The module provides the student with an understanding of differential equations by the construction, analysis and interpretation of phase portraits. In particular you will be able to identify if and when periodic solutions and other types of behaviour exist. The module develops skills in problem solving, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills, and conceptualisation.
Placement with Study Abroad	0 Credits	Optional
For the placement element the supervised work experience provides students with the opportunity to set their academic studies in a broader context, to gain practical experience in specific technical areas and to strengthen their communication and time management skills. The host company will appoint a Line Manager who will oversee the student during the placement and will liaise with the appointed UH supervisor. The study abroad element will provide students with the opportunity to expand, develop and apply the knowledge and skills gained in the first two taught years of the degree within a different organisational and cultural environment in a partner academic institution. The host institution will appoint a Programme Co-ordinator who will oversee the students programme during the time abroad and will liaise with appointed UH supervisor. Both opportunities will help develop students as independent learners, so that they are able to gain the maximum benefit from the learning opportunities provided at level 6 of the programme.
The Physics of Astronomical Spectra	15 Credits	Optional
From the nearest stars to the most distant galaxies (and the tenuous matter in between), astronomers can reveal and study properties and physical conditions by measuring the spectrum of the emitted radiation. Learn about the radiative processes that shape the variety of spectra encountered, and understand how astronomers discover the huge diversity of astronomical objects around us; the emergent radiation of stellar atmospheres and of giant glowing nebulae will be examined, along with the way in which spectroscopy picks up the imprint of the extremely low density inter-stellar medium. In this module you will develop your skills in research enquiry and problem solving, conceptualisation, and data synthesis.
The Early Universe and Galaxy Formation	15 Credits	Optional
A combination of incredible advances in observational techniques, i.e., large ground-based optical and radio telescopes, complemented with sophisticated space-based observatories, has made it possible to peer out to the edge of the observable Universe, effectively looking back in time when (proto-) galaxies first assembled. This module describes what the Universe was like from its earliest beginnings. It describes the oldest light that has reached us and what that teaches us about the fundamental parameters that describe the Universe, when the first structures formed under the influence of gravity, and how these structures evolved into what in the nearby Universe we call galaxies. In the course of this module topic coverage will include Inflation, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the era of Recombination and the Cosmic Microwave Background, Large Scale Structure formation, the Jeans law and Galaxy Formation, the formation and characteristics of Galaxy clusters, and gravitational lensing. In this module you will develop your skills in problem solving and research enquiry, communication, information searching, conceptualisation, and autonomy.
Quantum Optics and Information Theory	15 Credits	Optional
Quantum optics and modern quantum optical experiments have played a central role in the conceptual understanding of quantum mechanics and in its modern applications. This module will provide you with a basic theoretical understanding of quantum optics, computational skills for problem solving, and the opportunity to research the topics under study. Coverage will include the quantisation of the radiation field, optical tests of quantum mechanics, the emission and absorption of radiation by atoms, and aspects of quantum entanglement and quantum information theory. The module develops skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, scientific writing and information searching.
Lagrangian Dynamics	15 Credits	Optional
This module introduces the powerful mathematics used in the study of dynamical systems. We start with the calculus of variations, a topic which deals with "extremisation" questions in geometry, e.g. "What shape does a soap-film form?", or "What curve is formed by a heavy chain hanging under its own weight?". These techniques can be applied to mechanical systems, and it turns out that the laws of motion themselves arise from extremising some quantity – the "action". This Lagrangian perspective gives a powerful way to compute a system's equations of motion and to understand its symmetries. Finally the module describes how the Hamiltonian formalism reduces these second order equations to first-order, and in so doing introduces the concept of phase space while touching on the rich topic of symplectic geometry. The module develops skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, and conceptualisation and critical thinking.
Applied Photonics	15 Credits	Optional
Photonics is an important, modern high-tech industry with applications in optical communication, computing and information-storage, and medical imaging/detectors. Learn about photonics starting from image formation and aberrations, study lasers and other light emitting devices, and investigate current applications in photonics research fields, in lecture, laboratory and workshop settings. In this module you will develop your skills in research enquiry and problem solving, analysis and evaluation, team and organisational working, interpersonal and communication skills.

Study abroad

An opportunity for an amazing experience, which will help make you stand out from the crowd. With more and more companies working internationally, experience of living in another country can make a great impression on future employers.

This course offers you the opportunity to enhance your study and CV with a sandwich year abroad. The University has partnerships with over 150 universities around the world, including the USA, Canada, Asia, Africa, Australia, South America and closer to home in Europe.

If you study abroad between your second and third year of study, you’ll pay no tuition fee to the partner university and no tuition fee to us either. We’ll ask you to make your decision in your second year, so there is plenty of time to think about it.

Find out more about Study abroad opportunities

Please note Erasmus+ funding is only available until May 2023. For students starting their course in September 2022 and wishing to study abroad in 2023-24 or 2024-25, please refer to the Turing Scheme.
Work placement
Graduate with invaluable work experience alongside your degree and stand out from the crowd.

This course offers you the opportunity to enhance your study and CV with a work placement sandwich year. It’s a chance to explore career possibilities, make valuable contacts and gain sought after professional skills.

Our dedicated Careers and Employment team are here to help guide you through the process. Within the UK our students have worked at:
- IBM
- Microsoft
- the Rutherford Appleton Labs
- the Met Office and
- the National Physical Laboratory.
If you take up a work placement between your second and third year of study, at the University of Hertfordshire you’ll pay no tuition fee for this year. We’ll ask you to make your decision in your second year, so there is plenty of time to think about it.

Find out more about work placements

Many of our graduates go on to work or postgraduate study at their placement hosts.

'I would not be where I am without the opportunities that opened up whilst studying at the University of Hertfordshire. From extracurricular projects, to connections with other world ranking Universities, I can but thank the university for their guidance and support that kick-started my career.'

Samuel Nathan Richards, Mission Operations Specialist, NASA, SOFIA Mission

BSc (Hons) Astrophysics

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Alumni Stories

Dr Samuel Nathan Richards

Meet Dr Samuel Nathan Richards, who has taken his degree out of this world. Samuel currently works for NASA as the Mission Director & Instrument Scientist for NASA/DLR mission: SOFIA in California.

Read more stories BSc (Hons) Astrophysics

Current job role	Mission Director & Instrument Scientist for NASA/DLR mission: SOFIA
Year of graduation	2012
Course of study	BSc (Hons) Astrophysics with Sandwich Year

Global opportunities

Samuel currently works as the Mission Director & Instrument Scientist for the SOFIA mission, based in Palmdale, California at the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. Nathan has worked toward this role since completing his degree and a PhD in Astrophysics at the University of Sydney, Australia.

He says, 'I would not be where I am without the opportunities that were available while studying at the University of Hertfordshire. From extracurricular projects, to connections with other world ranking universities. I'm thankful to the University for its guidance and support that kick-started my career.'

Samuel decided to study at the University after seeing a promo video in sixth-form that featured the Bayfordbury Observatory. He says, 'When I discovered how strong the University's Astronomy department was, I felt that this was an environment that I could thrive in.'

'The lecturers were world-class, active astronomers, so each class was dynamic to the ever-changing knowledge of their respective fields of research. Their willingness to accept keen students for extracurricular research projects gave me early first-hand experience of the career I was about to launch myself into. Their international connections opened a path for me to do a research year at the University of Sydney, where I would later return to complete a PhD!'

Just the beginning

Pursuing a career in astronomy is highly competitive but incredibly exciting. Opportunities in these industries are truly global and roles are very diverse. 'I didn't know I'd end up working at NASA, but I took all opportunities as they arose.' Samuel encourages new and current students to do the same. 'Find what you enjoy and do that, over money, status and fame. There are many routes to where I am now, my colleagues come from very different backgrounds: astronomy, electrical and mechanical engineering and computer science, and that is just within my role, let alone all the other roles under NASA's umbrella.'

'I'm still learning, developing and taking on new opportunities!'

Alumni Stories

Thomas Owen

Meet Thomas Owen who discovered his passion for analytics while at university. He is currently a Sales and Capacity Planner at Ocado.

Current job role	Sales and Capacity Planner
Year of graduation	2015
Course of study	BSc (Hons) Physics

University life and experience

Thomas initially decided to come to the University of Hertfordshire based on our excellent Physics facilities, including Bayfordbury Observatory. While visiting the campus at an Open Day he was impressed with the amount of support available and our ranking in league tables for Physics evidenced in the expertise of our lecturers.

Throughout his time at the University, Thomas felt fully supported. He says, ‘There was never a point where I felt I had to go it alone and help was always on hand if things got tough. Lecturers took the time to meet with me personally if I had questions and the 24/7 LRC had everything I'd need for self-study and exam practice.’

After graduating, he has realised that the challenges he faced throughout his degree have fully prepared him for his working life and future career.

‘My studies helped me prepare for working in busy, dynamic environments by challenging me all the time. Whether it was working on a big project, my dissertation, or preparing for my exams – my experiences encouraged me to take challenges head on.’

While he worked hard throughout his time at university, he is pleased that it paid off. He explains that handing in his final year dissertation and being awarded a first made it all worthwhile.

Future aspirations

Thomas initially did not think that he would be working in online grocery and retail, however, he has found the industry to be challenging, rewarding and fast-growing. He explains that he likes the variety of roles and ‘different areas of aspire to work in.’

What's next for my career?

Your specialist physics understanding and range of technical and mathematical abilities mean you’ll be well equipped for careers in research or industry, or for postgraduate study. Our graduates find employment in international observatories, research institutions, engineering and financial industries, and teaching.
View our Alumni profiles

Dr Samuel Nathan Richards Thomas Owen

Course fact sheets
BSc (Hons) Astrophysics	Download
BSc (Hons) Astrophysics	Download

Programme specifications
BSc Honours Physics and Astrophysics	Download
BSc Honours Physics and Astrophysics	Download

Additional information
Sandwich placement or study abroad year	Optional
Applications open to international and EU students	Yes
Course length	Full Time, 3 Years Part Time, 6 Years Sandwich, 4 Years
Location	University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield

International/EU applicants without pre-settled status in the UK

Apply through our international/EU application portal

Home and EU applicants with pre-settled/settled status in the UK

Apply using the links below:

2024

Start Date	End Date	Link
29/09/2024	24/05/2025	Apply online (Full Time)
29/09/2024	31/05/2025	Apply online (Part Time)
29/09/2024	24/05/2025	Apply online (Full Time/Sandwich)
29/09/2024	24/05/2025	Apply online (Full Time/Sandwich)

2025

Start Date	End Date	Link
29/09/2025	24/05/2026	Apply online (Full Time)
29/09/2025	31/05/2026	Apply online (Part Time)
29/09/2025	24/05/2026	Apply online (Full Time/Sandwich)
29/09/2025	24/05/2026	Apply online (Full Time/Sandwich)

Fees and funding
Fees 2024
UK Students

Full time
- £9250 for the 2024/2025 academic year
Part time
- £1155 per 15 credits for the 2024/2025 academic year
EU Students

Full time
- £15500 for the 2024/2025 academic year
Part time
- £1940 per 15 credits for the 2024/2025 academic year
International Students

Full time
- £15500 for the 2024/2025 academic year
Part time
- £1940 per 15 credits for the 2024/2025 academic year
*Tuition fees are charged annually. The fees quoted above are for the specified year(s) only. Fees may be higher in future years, for both new and continuing students. Please see the University’s Fees and Finance Policy (and in particular the section headed “When tuition fees change”), for further information about when and by how much the University may increase its fees for future years.

View detailed information about tuition fees

Read more about additional fees in the course fact sheet

Other financial support

Find out more about other financial support available to UK and EU students

Living costs / accommodation

The University of Hertfordshire offers a great choice of student accommodation, on campus or nearby in the local area, to suit every student budget.

View detailed information about our accommodation

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BSc (Hons) Astrophysics

Key information

Typical offer:

Fees: See below

UCAS code: F501

Institute code: H36

Study abroad option

Work placement option

Additional requirements

Additional requirements

Why choose this course?

What's the course about?

Your main campus is College Lane

New School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science building opening in 2024

What will I study?

'I would not be where I am without the opportunities that opened up whilst studying at the University of Hertfordshire. From extracurricular projects, to connections with other world ranking Universities, I can but thank the university for their guidance and support that kick-started my career.'

Check out our student blogs

Student Blogs

My typical day

Student Blogs

What I love about my course

Student Blogs

Why I chose Herts

Student Blogs

Alumni Stories

Meet Dr Samuel Nathan Richards, who has taken his degree out of this world. Samuel currently works for NASA as the Mission Director & Instrument Scientist for NASA/DLR mission: SOFIA in California.

Global opportunities

Just the beginning

Alumni Stories

Meet Thomas Owen who discovered his passion for analytics while at university. He is currently a Sales and Capacity Planner at Ocado.

University life and experience

Future aspirations

International/EU applicants without pre-settled status in the UK

Home and EU applicants with pre-settled/settled status in the UK

2024

2025

Fees 2024

UK Students

Full time

Part time

EU Students

Full time

Part time

International Students

Full time

Part time

Other financial support

Living costs / accommodation